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Mechanical metronome

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A metronome, from ancient Greek μέτρον (métron, 'measure') and νέμω (némo, 'I manage', 'I lead'), is a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a regular interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute (BPM). Musicians use the device to practice playing to a regular pulse. Metronomes typically include synchronized visual motion (e.g., swinging pendulum or blinking lights).

A kind of metronome was among the inventions of Andalusian polymath Abbas ibn Firnas (810–887). In 1815, Johann Maelzel patented it as a tool for musicians, under the title 'Instrument/Machine for the Improvement of all Musical Performance, called Metronome'.^[1]

Musicians practice with metronomes to improve their timing, especially the ability to stick to a tempo. Metronome practice helps internalize a clear sense of timing and tempo. Composers often use a metronome as a standard tempo reference—and may play or sing their work to the metronome to derive beats per minute if they want to indicate that in a composition.

When interpreting emotion and other qualities in music, performers seldom play exactly on every beat. Typically, every beat of a musically expressive performance does not align exactly with each click of a metronome.^[2]^[3]^[4] This has led some musicians to criticize use of a metronome, because metronome time is different from musical time.^[5] Some go as far as to suggest that musicians should not use metronomes at all, and have leveled criticism at metronome markings as well.

5Types of metronomes
- 5.3Software metronomes
7Views on the metronome
- 7.3Criticism of metronome use
8Metronome technique

Etymology[edit]

The word metronome first appeared in English c. 1815 ^[6] and is Greek in origin: metron 'measure' and nomos 'regulating, law'.

History[edit]

A Wittner mechanical wind-up metronome in motion

According to Lynn Townsend White Jr., the Andalusianinventor, Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), made an attempt at creating a metronome.^[7]

Galileo Galilei first studied and discovered concepts involving the pendulum in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1696, Etienne Loulié first successfully used an adjustable pendulum to make the first mechanical metronome—however, his design produced no sound, and did not have an escapement to keep the pendulum in motion.^[8] To get the correct pulse with this kind of visual device, the musician watches the pendulum as if watching a conductor's baton.

The more familiar mechanical musical chronometer was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1814. Through questionable practice,^[9]Johann Maelzel, incorporating Winkel's ideas, added a scale, called it a metronome and started manufacturing the metronome under his own name in 1816: 'Maelzel's Metronome.' The original text of Maelzel's patent in England (1815) can be downloaded.^[1]

Ludwig van Beethoven was perhaps the first notable composer to indicate specific metronome markings in his music. This was done in 1817.^[10]

Usage[edit]

Musicians practice playing to metronomes to develop and maintain a sense of timing and tempo. For example, a musician fighting a tendency to speed up might play a phrase repeatedly while slightly slowing the BPM setting each time. Even pieces that do not require a strictly constant tempo (such as with rubato) sometimes provide a BPM marking to indicate the general tempo.

Tempo is almost always measured in beats per minute (BPM). A metronome's tempo typically is adjustable from 40 to 208 BPM. Another mark that denotes tempo is M.M. (or MM), or Mälzel's Metronome. The notation M.M. is often followed by a note value and a number that indicates the tempo, as in M.M. = 60.Specific uses include:

Learning to play tempos and beats consistently
Practising technique (setting the metronome progressively to higher speeds or to expose slow-downs due to technical challenges)
Click tracks that recording musicians use to help audio-engineers synchronize audio tracks
To maintain desired cadence in different physiological laboratory based tests^[11]

Standard appearance[edit]

Metronome makers typically mark the speed adjustment for these common tempos:

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 63 66 69 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 126 132 138 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 ^[12]

Facerig free. Tempos can be expressed by a number (beats per minute or BPM) or through a tempo marking. A tempo marking is a term that conveys a narrow range of tempos and an associated character. For example, the term Vivace can indicate a tempo between 156 and 176 BPM, but it also communicates that the music should be played with a lively character. Metronomes will often include both BPM and tempo markings.^[13]

Types of metronomes[edit]

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Mechanical metronomes[edit]

A mechanical metronome uses an adjustable weight on the end of an inverted pendulum rod to control tempo. The weight slides up the pendulum rod to decrease tempo, or down to increase tempo. (This mechanism is also called a double-weighted pendulum, because there is a second, fixed weight on the other side of the pendulum pivot, inside the metronome case.) The pendulum swings back and forth in tempo, while a mechanism inside the metronome produces a clicking sound with each oscillation. Mechanical metronomes don't need a battery, but run from a spring-wound clockwork escapement.

Electronic metronomes[edit]

Electronic metronome, Wittner model

Most modern metronomes are electronic and use a quartz crystal to maintain accuracy, comparable to those used in wristwatches. The simplest electronic metronomes have a dial or buttons to control the tempo; some also produce tuning notes, usually around the range of A440 (440 hertz). Sophisticated metronomes can produce two or more distinct sounds. Tones can differ in pitch, volume, and/or timbre to demarcate downbeats from other beats, as well as compound and complextime signatures.

Many electronic musical keyboards have built-in metronome functions.

Software metronomes[edit]

Software metronomes run either as stand-alone applications on computers and smart phones,^[14] or in music sequencing and audio multitrack software packages. In recording studio applications, such as film scoring, a software metronome may provide a click track to synchronize musicians.

Metronome applications and click tracks[edit]

Users of iPods and other portable MP3 players can use prerecorded MP3 metronome click tracks, which can use different sounds and samples instead of just the regular metronome beep. Users of smartphones can install a wide range of metronome applications. The Google search engine

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